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flg22 Peptide能够诱导植物的天然免疫性。

Flagelin 22 (Flagellin 22) 是细菌鞭毛素的一个片段，在植物和藻类中都是有效的诱导剂。
Flagelin 22 (Flagellin 22), a fragment of bacterial flagellin, is an effective elicitor in both plants and algae.

Peptide H-QRLSTGSRINSAKDDAAGLQIA-OH is a Research Peptide with significant interest within the field academic and medical research. Recent citations using H-QRLSTGSRINSAKDDAAGLQIA-OH include the following: Perception of conserved pathogen elicitors at the plasma membrane leads to relocalization of the Arabidopsis PEN3 transporter W Underwood , SC Somerville - Proceedings of the , 2013 - National Acad Scienceshttps://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.1218701110 Targeting the pattern-triggered immunity pathway to enhance resistance to Fusarium graminearum S Sarowar , ST Alam, R Makandar , H Lee - Molecular plant , 2019 - Wiley Online Libraryhttps://bsppjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/mpp.12781 Apoplastic venom allergen-like proteins of cyst nematodes modulate the activation of basal plant innate immunity by cell surface receptors JL Lozano-Torres , RHP Wilbers , S Warmerdam - PLoS , 2014 - journals.plos.orghttps://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1004569 The Pseudomonas type III effector HopQ1 activates cytokinin signaling and interferes with plant innate immunity DR Hann, A DomacaÂ\xadnguez-Ferreras , V Motyka, PI Dobrev - New Phytologist, 2014 - JSTORhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/newphytologist.201.2.585.pdf Allelic variation in two distinct Pseudomonas syringae flagellin epitopes modulates the strength of plant immune responses but not bacterial motility CR Clarke , D Chinchilla, SR Hind , F Taguchi - New , 2013 - Wiley Online Libraryhttps://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/nph.12408

Definition

Bacterial peptides are protein fragments which are either part of a bacterium or produced by a bacteria1.

Classification

Different classes of peptides are produced by bacteria. Some examples include, antibiotics, enterotoxins, flagellar proteins, lipoproteins and various enzymes1.

Structural Characteristics

Structural characteristics of some bacterial peptides are described below-

A)      Malaria merozoite surface peptide (MSP-1): It is synthesized as a large precursor on the surface of the bacterium Plasmodium falciparum.  Proteolytic cleavage results in the production of a 19 KDa product whose tertiary structure is maintained by disulphide bridges2.

B)     Giardia variable surface protein: This peptide is the specific conserved region of the Giardia variable surface proteins (VSPs) that are cysteine rich zinc finger proteins. VSPs differ in size and sequence, they are characterized by this highly conserved C-terminal membrane spanning region, a hydrophilic cytoplasmic tail with a conserved five amino acid CRGKA signature sequence3,4.

C)    P.falciparum liver stage antigen 3: The protein is 200Kda and is highly conserved among parasites from different geographic regions5.

Mode of action

A)     MSP-1 is known to trigger antibody response by CD4 helper T cells. It is likely that these cells bind to the C-terminal domain of MSP-12.

B)     VSPs have a conserved hydrophilic amono acid trail that is palmitoyted by palmityl tranferases upon which they are activated3,4.

C)    P. falciparum liver stage antigen 3 is a potent antigen that is recongnized by T cells5.

Functions

A)     MSP-1 is a vaccine candidate for Plasmodium falciparum infection. It triggers a CD-4 T cell response2.

B)     VSPs are necessary for survival in the environment and host infection3,4.

C)    P.falciparum stage antigen 3 is also a good candidate vaccine as it activates both T and B cell responses5.

References

1.     Gitai Z (2005). "The new bacterial cell biology: moving parts and subcellular architecture". Cell, 120 (5): 577–86.

2.     Stuart JQ and Jean L (2001). Different regions of the malaria merozoite surface protein 1 of Plasmodium chabaudi elicit distinct T-cell and antibody isotype responses. Infect Immun, 69(4): 2245–2251.

3.     Davids BJ, Reiner DS, Birkeland SR, Preheim SP, Cipriano MJ, McArthur AG, Gillin FD (2006). A New Family of Giardial Cysteine-Rich Non-VSP Protein Genes and a Novel Cyst Protein. PLoS ONE, 20,1:e44.

4.     Touz MC, Conrad JT, Nash TE (2005). A novel palmitoyl acyl transferase controls surface protein palmitoylation and cytotoxicity in Giardia lamblia. Mol Microbiol., 58 (4), 999-1011.

5.     Jean-Pierre S, Blanca LP, Karima B, Pierra D, Pierra D (2001). DNA Immunization by Plasmodium falciparum liver-stage antigen 3 induces protection against Plasmodium yoelii Sporozoite challenge. Infect Immun., 69, 1202–1206.

Bojun Lu, et al. Defense responses in female gametophytes of Saccharina japonica (Phaeophyta) induced by flg22-derived peptides. Journal of Applied Phycology (2016), 28(3), 1793-1801. : https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10811-015-0721-3
Bojun Lu, et al. Defense responses in female gametophytes of Saccharina japonica (Phaeophyta) induced by flg22-derived peptides. Journal of Applied Phycology (2016), 28(3), 1793-1801. : https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10811-015-0721-3