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Amylin, amide, human是一个由37个氨基酸组成的多肽,是一种与胰岛素共分泌的胰腺激素,它在代谢和葡萄糖稳态中发挥作用。Amylin, amide, human可以抑制胰高血糖素分泌,延迟胃的排空。
编号:151279
CAS号:122384-88-7
单字母:H2N-KCNTATCATQRLANFLVHSSNNFGAILSSTNVGSNTY-CONH2(Disulfide Bridge:C2-C7)
编号: | 151279 |
中文名称: | 胰淀素Amylin (1 - 37), human, amide |
英文名: | Amylin (1 - 37), human, amide |
英文同义词: | IAPP (human), Amylin, amide, human, Islet Amyloid Polypeptide (human), Amlintide |
CAS号: | 122384-88-7,TFA盐 |
单字母: | H2N-KCNTATCATQRLANFLVHSSNNFGAILSSTNVGSNTY-CONH2(Disulfide Bridge:C2-C7) |
三字母: | H2N-Lys-Cys-Asn-Thr-Ala-Thr-Cys-Ala-Thr-Gln-Arg-Leu-Ala-Asn-Phe-Leu-Val-His-Ser-Ser-Asn-Asn-Phe-Gly-Ala-Ile-Leu-Ser-Ser-Thr-Asn-Val-Gly-Ser-Asn-Thr-Tyr-CONH2(Disulfide Bridge:Cys2-Cys7) |
氨基酸个数: | 37 |
分子式: | C165H261N51O55S2 |
平均分子量: | 3903.28 |
精确分子量: | 3900.86 |
等电点(PI): | - |
pH=7.0时的净电荷数: | 6.15 |
酸性基团个数: | 3.01 |
碱性基团个数: | 疏水 |
平均亲水性: | -0.46285714285714 |
疏水性值: | -0.09 |
外观与性状: | 白色粉末状固体 |
消光系数: | 1490 |
来源: | 人工化学合成,仅限科学研究使用,不得用于人体。 |
纯度: | 95%、98% |
盐体系: | 可选TFA、HAc、HCl或其它 |
储存条件: | 负80℃至负20℃ |
标签: | 胰淀素(Amylin) 二硫键环肽 |
Amylin, amide, human是一个由37个氨基酸组成的多肽,是一种与胰岛素共分泌的胰腺激素,它在代谢和葡萄糖稳态中发挥作用。Amylin, amide, human可以抑制胰高血糖素分泌,延迟胃的排空。
The amyloidogenic peptide hormone amylin 1-37 (or Islet Amyloid Polypeptide, IAPP), KCNTATCATQRLANFLVHSSNNFGAILSSTNVGSNTY amide, has been isolated from the amyloid-rich pancreases of diabetic patients. hIAPP forms fibrillar peptide deposits in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans, which may be related to death of the insulin-producing islet β-cells in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
淀粉样蛋白生成肽激素胰淀素1-37(或胰岛淀粉样多肽,IAPP),KCNTATCATQRLANFLVHSSNNFGAILSSTNVGSNTY酰胺,已从糖尿病患者富含淀粉样蛋白的胰腺中分离出来。hIAPP在朗格罕氏胰岛中形成纤维状肽沉积,这可能与2型糖尿病中产生胰岛素的胰岛β细胞的死亡有关。
The amyloidogenic peptide hormone amylin 1-37 (or Islet Amyloid Polypeptide, IAPP), KCNTATCATQRLANFLVHSSNNFGAILSSTNVGSNTY amide, has been isolated from the amyloid-rich pancreases of diabetic patients. hIAPP forms fibrillar peptide deposits in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans, which may be related to death of the insulin-producing islet β-cells in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
胰淀素是一种存在于胰腺中的肽类激素。它能够调节血糖水平,并在糖尿病治疗中发挥重要作用。此外,胰淀素还被用作研究工具,用于研究离子通道的功能、细胞生物学、蛋白质相互作用以及药理学。
Amylin is a peptide hormone that is found in the pancreas. It regulates blood glucose levels and plays an important role in diabetes. Amylin is also used as a research tool for studying the function of ion channels, cell biology, protein interactions, and pharmacology.
胰淀素是一种调节胰腺释放胰岛素的激素。胰淀素是一种由39个氨基酸组成的蛋白质,其天然形式不溶于水。淀粉样纤维是阿尔茨海默病患者脑组织中发现的蛋白质不溶性聚集体。研究表明,通过使用直径小于50微米的聚合物颗粒,胰淀素的包封率可达到96%以上。这些颗粒能够提高水溶性和营养代谢,同时改善蒸发速率。它们还为吸收提供了更大的表面积,并具有更好的药理特性。研究表明,在2型糖尿病患者中,胰淀素与胰岛素联合使用时,可降低餐后血糖,并可能作为一种厌食剂。
Amylin is a hormone that regulates the release of insulin from the pancreas. Amylin is a protein that consists of 39 amino acids, and in its natural form it is not soluble in water. The amyloid fibrils are insoluble aggregates of proteins that can be found in the brain tissue of patients with Alzheimers disease. Amylin has been shown to have an entrapment efficiency greater than 96% by using polymeric particles with a diameter less than 50 microns. These particles are able to increase water solubility and nutrient metabolism, as well as improve evaporation rates. They also provide an increased surface area for absorption and pharmacological properties. Amylin has been shown to lower postprandial glycemia when used with insulin in type II diabetes mellitus patients, and may also be an anorectic agent.
由胰腺β细胞分泌的37个氨基酸组成的多肽,其结构与降钙素相关。该多肽对大鼠具有厌食作用,并可能通过调节胰岛素的外周效应,导致2型糖尿病胰岛素抵抗的发病。它能阻断胰岛素对糖原合成酶的激活。
37 amino acid polypeptide secreted from the β-cells of the pancreas and structurally related to calcitonin. It has anorectic effects in rats and may be responsible for the etiology of insulin resistance of type II diabetes mellitus through its modulation of peripheral effects of insulin. It blocks the activation of glycogen synthase by insulin.
胰淀素(Amylin)的定义
胰淀素或胰岛淀粉样多肽(IAPP)是一种由胰腺β细胞分泌的37个氨基酸组成的肽,是2型糖尿病患者淀粉样蛋白沉积物的主要成分。胰淀素可被称为胰岛素的“孪生兄弟”,因为它在血浆葡萄糖升高时与胰岛素一起组成性表达。
Amylin or Islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP), a 37-amino acid peptide is secreted by beta-islet cells of the pancreas and a major component of the amyloid deposits in persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Amylin may be referred to as insulin’s “fraternal twin” as it is constitutively expressed with insulin in response to elevations of plasma glucose.
胰淀素(Amylin)的发现
胰岛淀粉样蛋白沉积是糖尿病的主要病理特征,这一知识已为人所知一个世纪。但是,淀粉样蛋白沉积的主要成分胰淀素的发现,是由两个独立的研究小组在1987年完成的【1】【2】。
The knowledge of occurrence of amyloid deposits in islets of Langerhans, major pathologic feature of diabetics has been known for a century. But, the discovery of amylin as a major component of amyloid deposits was by two independent groups in 1987【1】【2】.
胰淀素(Amylin)的结构特征
人胰淀素具有氨基酸序列KCNTATCATQRLANFLVHSSNNFGAILSSTNVGSNTY,其中半胱氨酸残基2和7之间存在二硫键。这些特征、酰胺化的C末端和二硫键对于胰淀素的完全生物活性是必需的【3】。胰淀素的氨基酸序列与降钙素基因相关神经肽CGRP-2和CGRP-1的氨基酸序列分别有46%和43%的相似性。胰淀素的(20-29)片段对胰岛淀粉样蛋白的发病机制至关重要【4】。
The human amylin has an amino acid sequence KCNTATCATQRLANFLVHSSNNFGAILSSTNVGSNTY, with a disulfide bridge between cysteine residues 2 and 7. The features, amidated C-terminus and the disulfide bridge are necessary for the full biological activity of amylin【3】. Amylin amino acid sequence is 46% and 43% identical to those of the calcitonin gene-related neuropeptides CGRP-2 and CGRP-1. The (20-29) fragment of amylin is critical to the pathogenesis of islet amyloid【4】.
胰淀素(Amylin)的作用机制
胰淀素由胰岛β细胞合成,在高尔基体中包装,并在分泌颗粒内分泌。它在肾皮质中的肾小球旁体区域有结合位点,并能激活肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统。此外,它还通过抑制心钠素(ANP)的分泌来作用于循环系统【5】。
Amylin is synthesized, packaged within the golgi apparatus and secreted within the secretory granule by the islet beta cell. They have binding sites within the renal cortex in the area of the juxtaglomerular apparatus and it activates the rennin angiotensin aldosterone system. It also acts upon the circulatory system by inhibiting the secretion of the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)【5】.
胰淀素(Amylin)的功能
胰淀素抑制胃排空,在控制和延缓餐后葡萄糖释放速率方面起着重要作用。它抑制餐后肝脏释放和葡萄糖生成。研究还表明,胰淀素能抑制胰高血糖素分泌和生长抑素。胰淀素通过扩张血管的非横纹肌来引起血管舒张。此外,胰淀素还能增加口渴感,这表明它在中枢神经系统内也有作用【6】。
Amylin inhibits gastric emptying and is important in controlling and delaying the rate of meal derived glucose. It inhibits hepatic release and production of glucose in the postprandial period. They also have been shown to inhibit glucagon secretion and somatostatin. Amylin causes vasodilatation by dilating the non-striated muscles of the blood vessels. It is also known to increase thirst level which indicates it has an action within the central nervous system【6】.
胰淀素(Amylin)的相关文献
1. Cooper GJ, Willis AC, Clark A, Turner RC, Sim RB, Reid KB (1987). Purification and characterization of a peptide from amyloid-rich pancreases of type 2 diabetic patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci., 84(23):8628-32.
2. Westermark P, Wernstedt C, O'Brien TD, Hayden DW, Johnson KH (1987). Islet amyloid in type 2 human diabetes mellitus and adult diabetic cats contains a novel putative polypeptide hormone. Am J Pathol, 127(3):414-417.
3. Roberts AN, Leighton B, Todd JA, Cockburn D, Schofield PN, Sutton R, Holt S, Boyd Y, Day AJ, Foot EA, et al,(1989). Molecular and functional characterization of amylin, a peptide associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 86(24):9662-9666.
4. Guidobono F, Pagani F, Ticozzi C, Sibilia V, Pecile A, Netti C (1997). Protection by amylin of gastric erosions induced by indomethacin or ethanol in rats. Br J Pharmacol, 120(4):581-586.
5. Piao FL, Cao C, Han JH, Kim SZ, Cho KW, Kim SH (2004). Amylin-induced suppression of ANP secretion through receptors for CGRP1 and salmon calcitonin. Regul Pept, 117: 59-166.
6. Hayden MR, Tyagi SC (2002). Islet redox stress: the manifold toxicities of insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and amylin derived islet amyloid in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of the Pancrease, 3(4): 86-108.
二硫键广泛存在与蛋白结构中,对稳定蛋白结构具有非常重要的意义,二硫键一般是通过序列中的2个Cys的巯基,经氧化形成。
形成二硫键的方法很多:空气氧化法,DMSO氧化法,过氧化氢氧化法等。
二硫键的合成过程, 可以通过Ellman检测以及HPLC检测方法对其反应进程进行监测。
如果多肽中只含有1对Cys,那二硫键的形成是简单的。多肽经固相或液相合成,然后在pH8-9的溶液中进行氧化。
当需要形成2对或2对以上的二硫键时,合成过程则相对复杂。尽管二硫键的形成通常是在合成方案的最后阶段完成,但有时引入预先形成的二硫化物是有利于连合或延长肽链的。通常采用的巯基保护基有trt, Acm, Mmt, tBu, Bzl, Mob, Tmob等多种基团。我们分别列出两种以2-Cl树脂和Rink树脂为载体合成的多肽上多对二硫键形成路线:
二硫键反应条件选择
二硫键即为蛋白质或多肽分子中两个不同位点Cys的巯基(-SH)被氧化形成的S-S共价键。 一条肽链上不同位置的氨基酸之间形成的二硫键,可以将肽链折叠成特定的空间结构。多肽分 子通常分子量较大,空间结构复杂,结构中形成二硫键时要求两个半胱氨酸在空间距离上接近。 此外,多肽结构中还原态的巯基化学性质活泼,容易发生其他的副反应,而且肽链上其他侧链 也可能会发生一系列修饰,因此,肽链进行修饰所选取的氧化剂和氧化条件是反应的关键因素, 反应机理也比较复杂,既可能是自由基反应,也可能是离子反应。
反应条件有多种选择,比如空气氧化,DMSO氧化等温和的氧化过程,也可以采用H2O2,I2, 汞盐等激烈的反应条件。
空气氧化法: 空气氧化法形成二硫键是多肽合成中最经典的方法,通常是将巯基处于还原态的多肽溶于水中,在近中性或弱碱性条件下(PH值6.5-10),反应24小时以上。为了降低分子之间二硫键形成的可能,该方法通常需要在低浓度条件下进行。
碘氧化法:将多肽溶于25%的甲醇水溶液或30%的醋酸水溶液中,逐滴滴加10-15mol/L的碘进行氧化,反应15-40min。当肽链中含有对碘比较敏感的Tyr、Trp、Met和His的残基时,氧化条件要控制的更精确,氧化完后,立即加入维生素C或硫代硫酸钠除去过量的碘。 当序列中有两对或多对二硫键需要成环时,通常有两种情况:
自然随机成环: 序列中的Cys之间随机成环,与一对二硫键成环条件相似;
定点成环: 定点成环即序列中的Cys按照设计要求形成二硫键,反应过程相对复杂。在 固相合成多肽之前,需要提前设计几对二硫键形成的顺序和方法路线,选择不同的侧链 巯基保护基,利用其性质差异,分步氧化形成两对或多对二硫键。 通常采用的巯基保护 基有trt, Acm, Mmt, tBu, Bzl, Mob, Tmob等多种基团。
DOI | 名称 | |
---|---|---|
10.1016/s0531-5565(03)00004-4 | Islet amyloid polypeptide and type 2 diabetes | 下载 |
10.1074/jbc.M406108200 | Amyloidogenicity and cytotoxicity of recombinant mature human islet amyloid polypeptide (rhIAPP) | 下载 |
10.1155/2013/826706 | Amylin uncovered: a review on the polypeptide responsible for type II diabetes | 下载 |
10.1155/2008/421287 | Recent insights in islet amyloid polypeptide-induced membrane disruption and its role in beta-cell death in type 2 diabetes mellitus | 下载 |
10.1155/2008/528354 | Importance of aggregated islet amyloid polypeptide for the progressive beta-cell failure in type 2 diabetes and in transplanted human islets | 下载 |
编号 | 名称 | CAS号 |
153469 | 胰淀素Biotinyl-Amylin (1 - 37), (human) | 1678415-18-3 |
Biotinyl-KCNTATCATQRLANFLVHSSNNFGAILSSTNVGSNTY-CONH2(Disulfide Bridge:C2-C7) | ||
163912 | 胰淀素5-FAM-Amylin (1 - 37), (human) | 1678414-71-5 |
5FAM-KCNTATCATQRLANFLVHSSNNFGAILSSTNVGSNTY-CONH2(Disulfide Bridge:C2-C7) | ||